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技術(shù)文章您現(xiàn)在的位置:首頁 > 技術(shù)文章 > 脂質(zhì)體納米顆粒詳細介紹-LIPOSOMA和BroadPharm

脂質(zhì)體納米顆粒詳細介紹-LIPOSOMA和BroadPharm

更新時間:2022-11-12   點擊次數(shù):3216次

脂質(zhì)納米顆粒(LNP)在 mRNA疫苗中發(fā)揮了重要的作用。此外,許多臨床前和臨床研究也表明LNP在核酸治療領(lǐng)域有著巨大的潛力。LNP的諸多結(jié)構(gòu)及生物學特性并不僅僅歸因于單一的脂質(zhì)成分,而是各類脂質(zhì)的組合。因此,本文將著重描述不同的脂質(zhì)成分在LNP制備中的作用。

陽離子脂質(zhì)            

可電離的陽離子脂質(zhì)通常有一個叔胺,它在中性條件下脫質(zhì)子化,在低于脂質(zhì)酸解離常數(shù)(pKa)的pH條件下帶正電荷。陽離子脂質(zhì)有兩個關(guān)鍵的功能:一是促進LNP中的核酸包封;二是介導核內(nèi)體膜破壞,使核酸釋放到細胞質(zhì)中。此外,陽離子脂質(zhì)也能在核內(nèi)體攝取中發(fā)揮重要作用:或直接通過某些脂質(zhì)上的正電荷與帶負電荷的細胞膜之間相互作用,或通過與支持細胞攝取的血漿蛋白結(jié)合發(fā)揮作用。

圖1為Comirnaty、Spikevax和Onpattro中使用的三種不同的陽離子脂質(zhì)。開發(fā)出一款有效的陽離子脂質(zhì)并非易事,需要考慮生物降解性、耐受性、蛋白表達和免疫原性等諸多問題,并且用于包裹siRNA的陽離子脂質(zhì),不一定適用于DNA和RNA的包裹。    


圖片


圖1.陽離子脂質(zhì)            

PEG脂質(zhì)            

PEG脂質(zhì)的選擇極大地影響LNP的大小、穩(wěn)定性、體內(nèi)分布和轉(zhuǎn)染效率等關(guān)鍵特性。在LNP制備和存儲過程中,PEG脂質(zhì)通過提供空間屏障來穩(wěn)定其結(jié)構(gòu),既能驅(qū)動自組裝又能防止顆粒聚集。圖2的電鏡圖中不難看出,當PEG脂質(zhì)占比提升時,LNP的粒徑有較明顯的下降。此外,PEG脂質(zhì)在一定程度上控制LNP的循環(huán)時間及其與細胞間的相互作用。選擇哪一種PEG 脂質(zhì)高度取決于治療目的、靶器官和/或細胞類型以及給藥途徑,并應考慮構(gòu)成脂質(zhì)尾巴的烷基/酰基鏈的摩爾比和長度,研究表明這些參數(shù)都會影響LNP的關(guān)鍵特性。

圖片


圖2.LNP電鏡圖            

膽固醇            

膽固醇在細胞膜中的作用很大程度上取決于具體情況。當與具有低凝膠-液晶相變(Tm)的脂質(zhì)結(jié)合時,膽固醇有助于形成液序相,其特征是膜流動性降低、雙分子層厚度增加(圖3),膽固醇和低Tm脂類發(fā)生“凝結(jié)",因此脂類和膽固醇的橫截面積低于單個橫截面積的總和。然而,當與高Tm脂質(zhì)結(jié)合時,膽固醇提高膜流動性并使雙分子層變窄。在這兩種情況下,膽固醇都會將脂質(zhì)拉向液體狀態(tài)。另外,膽固醇可顯著減少LNP表面結(jié)合蛋白的數(shù)量,并改善循環(huán)半衰期。因此,相對于內(nèi)源性膜,LNP配方中含有等量的膽固醇可以防止凈流出或流入,并保持膜的完整性。

圖片


圖3.三種不同的脂膜相            

中性脂質(zhì)            

中性脂質(zhì)又稱為輔助型脂質(zhì),常見的有DOPE、DSPC、DOPC等。與其他組分相比,針對中性脂質(zhì)的研究相對較少,其在配方中的占比為總脂質(zhì)的10%?20%。中性脂質(zhì)常作為LNP配方的結(jié)構(gòu)脂質(zhì),因為它們可以自發(fā)地組織成脂質(zhì)雙層,且較高的相變溫度可增強LNP的膜穩(wěn)定性,與之相對應,LNP在內(nèi)涵體逃逸時,其又能破壞內(nèi)涵體穩(wěn)定性,提高核酸遞送效率。中性脂質(zhì)通常是半合成的,例如,磷脂酰膽堿通常來源于蛋黃和大豆等天然原料,并且可以進行化學修飾(如增加脂肪酸尾巴)。

圖片


圖4.不同類型的納米粒子

參考文獻:

1. Hald Albertsen C, Kulkarni JA, Witzigmann D, Lind M, Petersson K, Simonsen JB. The role of lipid components in lipid nanoparticles for vaccines and gene therapy. Adv Drug Deliv Rev. 2022 Sep;188:114416. doi: 10.1016/j.addr.2022.114416. Epub 2022 Jul 3. PMID: 35787388; PMCID: PMC9250827.


靶點科技攜手美國BroadPharm,為脂質(zhì)體制備和多種形式的PEG提供綜合解決方案,多選擇的產(chǎn)品??梢远ㄖ拼笠?guī)格和技術(shù)服務。

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